In today’s world in which climate change and biodiversity loss crisis are of high priority and concern to all of us who study life, we often forget that some basic information to understand and mitigate the effects of both climate change and biodiversity loss are still need it such as species distributions. In today’s post I want to discuss some challenges that this kind of studies presents and how important these studies are in endemic species cases.
Colombia is a privileged country in terms of biodiversity and endemic species. However, for some endemic species there is still gaps in their distribution limits that challenges all conservation actions we do on behalf of these species. Colombia’s internal war, had represented an obstacle for the definition of species distribution limits as well as our abrupt geography. Since peace agreement some areas had become open to register new species, to rediscover forget species populations and to access to areas that had long being suspected to be distribution limits of endemic species.
These is the case for our endemic dusky titi monkey or mono zocay (Plecturocebus ornatus), in Spanish. Since its description as a subspecies and up to know part of their northern, eastern and southern limits had been not verified. Current hypothesis for its limits are related to a widespread theory of rivers acting as geographic barriers of species distributions, especially for small vertebrates that are unable to swim and cross those rivers.
Some of the challenges of species distribution studies had is the number of records need it to delineate those limits, which implies large expeditions by rivers and sampling in multiples sites, something that requires a lot of logistic and economic resources that funding agencies and grant are not always willing to give to this kind of projects. However, internet and natural applications such as inaturalust had opened new opportunities to register data of new sites in which species had been seen. This year we started a new project to clarify northern, eastern and southern limits of dusky titi monkeys, so I want to make a call to all people living, visiting and having farms along the Upía, Meta, Metica and Guayabero rivers to share with us pictures and locations where you have seen this beautiful endemic species of primate in Colombia. You can send all you records and/or you names in inaturalist to xcarretero@gmail.com for us to collect and improve our knowledge on the distribution limits of this species.
SPANISH
En el mundo de hoy en el cual el cambio climático y la crisis de la pérdida de biodiversidad son de alta prioridad y preocupación para todos los que estudiamos la vida, a menudo olvidamos que alguna de la información básica para entender y mitigar los efectos tanto del cambio climático como de la pérdida de la biodiversidad aún son necesarios como las distribuciones de las especies. En este blog quiero discutir algunos retos que este tipo de estudios presentan y lo importante que son estos estudios en el caso de especies endémicas.
Colombia es un país privilegiado en términos de biodiversidad y especies endémicas. Sin embargo, para algunas especies endémicas aún existen vacios en sus límites de distribución que representan retos para todas las acciones de conservación que hacemos en mombre de estas especies. La guerra interna de Colombia ha representado un obstaculo para la definición de los limites de distribución así como nuestra geografía abrupta. Desde la firma del acuerdo de paz, algunas áreas se han vuelto disponibles para el registro de nuevas especies, el redescubrimiento de poblaciones olvidadas de especies y para el acceso a áreaa que por largo tiempo se ha sospechado que son limites de distribución de especies endémicas.
Este es el caso de nuestro mono endémico el mono zocay (Plecturocebus ornatus). Desde du descrpción como subespecie y hasta ahora parte de sus límites norte, oriental y sur no han sido verificados. Hipótesis actuales para sus limites se relacionan con la teoria ampliamente distribuida de los ríos que actuan como barreras geograficas de la distribución de especies, especialmente para vertebrados pequeños que no son capaces de nadar y atravesar esos ríos.
Algunos de los retos que los estudios de distribucion de especies tienen es la necesidad de delinear esos límites lo que implica grandes expediciones a lo largo de rios y muestreos en multiples sitios, algo que requiere mucha logistica y recursos económicos que las agencias de financiamiento y becas no siempre estan dispuestas a dar a este tipo de proyectos. Sin embargo, internet y las aplicaciones de naturaleza como inaturalist han abierto nuevas oportunidades para registrar datos de nuevos sitios en lis que las especies han sido vistas. Este año empezamos un nuevo proyecto para clarificar los limites norte, este y sur del mono zocay, de forma que quiero invitar a las personas viviendo, visitando y que tengan fincas a lo largo de los ríos Upía, Meta, Metica y Guayabero para que nos compartan sus registros de fotos y ubicaciones fonde hayan observado esta hermosa especie endémica de mono en Colombia. Pueden enviar sus registros y/o nombres en inaturalist a xcarretero@gmail.com para que podamos mejorar nuestro conocimienyo de los limites de distribución de esta especie.
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our dusky titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==
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In today’s post we are going to discuss some of the main results from our project with camera traps on artificial water sources used by native wildlife and some recommendations for landowners raised from this project. In this project we located camera traps facing artificial (plastic and cement cattle water containers and artificial lagoons) and natural (natural lagoons and relicts of Mauritia flexuosa swamps) water sources in a cattle ranching landscape.
Water sources surrounded by forest were visit by 63 species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Native fauna used artificial water containers and artificial lagoons surrounded by forest more often than the ones surrounded by pastures. Mauritia swamps are used as corridors in the landscape as well as water source. Colombian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri cassiquiarensis albigena) and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were recorded drinking water from cattle water containers. Red howler monkeys and black-capped capuchins (Sapajus apella fatuellus) use artificial lagoons surrounded by forest and Mauritia flexuosa swamp relicts for different activities as well as for drinking water.

Recommendations for landowner
From our observations and the camera trapping results the following recommendations can be used by farm owners to improve native wildlife use of artificial water sources:

– Reduce the height of water container used in forest edges to increase native fauna use of these container during dry season.

– Increase of Mauritia swamps cover and reduction of its degradation as these areas are used for many species to move in the landscape.

We want to give special thanks to our funding, Little Chalcraft Fund, and our partners Onca Fundación para el estudio de la diversidad, to make this project possible.
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our dusky titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==
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Yesterday was the Biodiversity National Day in Colombia, as a way of celebration we had started a new collaboration project on the effects of landscape-scale and patch-scale variables on Brumback’s night monkeys (Aotus brumbacki) on several towns in the Colombian Llanos. This is a collaboration with SUSA group at University of Los Llanos, a regional university.
It is always exciting to start a new project. This one in particular is more exciting as it has elements similar to the ones I did with my PhD, but with a species that at that time wasn’t possible to work with. It has also some interesting challenges that comes with working with a nocturnal species. Sites need to be carefully chosen, as security for working at night is important. Logistic for nocturnal census, also requires sites where we can rest close to forest fragments where we are doing census due to their sampling times. It is also a challenge to work at night in new sites that you don’t know or that you had not visit recently.
This project also had a big component of GIS and modeling, that is interesting and challenging at the same time. We had limited information on Brumback’s night monkeys, an endemic species of Colombian monkeys, mainly found in the piedmont forest of Colombian Llanos. This is an area highly fragmented and transformed by human activities and despite this Brumback’s nigth monkeys is still present in very degraded areas, close to main roads, inside cities and towns.
Over the years we had observed them eating on fruit crops as well as plants used as forage to cattle. Using different types of trees as nest such as guadua clusters (clusters of Guadua angustifolia), standing death trunks of Mauritia flexuosa, dense vines areas in tall trees, Oenocarpus bataua pals (unamas), hole trees in old and tall trees of Ficus spp. And moving through living fences between forest fragments. However there is still a lot of their ecology and behavior that we don’t know, especially what variables explain the presence of this species of monkey in an specific forest fragment. Something we plan to answer with this new project.
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities.
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During the last weeks I had talked with friends doing their PhD, and again questions about work-life balance had emerged and make me reflect on how much we talk about having work-life balance and how poorly we really try to achieve it in our daily lives, no matter our career stage or life situation. So in today’s post we are going to discuss about this topic again.
Our crazy and fast- running system, not matter if its in academy or out of it, demands that we go at a fast speed while trying to achieve all the dreams and goals we propose to ourselves. While doing our PhDs is finishing the next paper, not very different if we are doing a postdoc or even if you are a professor, or finishing the next report for our job, the next business or the next client. Our next goal’s name can change but at the end is another step in a large line of things to do that we make to give purpose to our everyday life. I don’t think this would change for anybody, we will always have a list of things to do not matter if they implies manual labor or a complex thinking process, what I found is important to change is the way we see it and how we assume those goals. Why I want to achieve x or y? It is worth it to sacrificed my health to achieve it? What other thing I want for my own life?
When I was doing my PhD, I was in a marathon to achieve things that I though it will give me stability, that I though it was necessary to get the life I dream, but while I was in this crazy career I lost part of my health and recovering that health had cost me a lot… So for those who are doing a PhD make time to rest, don’t burnout, it is not worth it. Enjoy student’s life and benefits, that will never come back. Work hard for your goals but don’t forget that you are also human and need time for yourself. Learn to recognize the best hours for writing, when you are more focus, and recognize the times your brain is more disperse and use that time to do other things to bring balance to your life.
For those who are in a working life, money never will be enough to pay you if you lost your health. No job will ever consider you irreplaceable, there is always someone else waiting to do what you are doing. Try to do what you love in life, that will give you more satisfaction than working for big salaries. Take a break and enjoy life every now and then. We don’t know how long we will have in this world and a life full of experiences always will be better than a life with regrets and “what if”
A work-life balance is a continuous learning process in which you weight the cost and benefits of everything you do and every decision you make, but if you are sure of all the reasons why you are doing it then you will live the life you always dream. For me had been studying monkeys in the field with small breaks to see whales in the wild and a continuous search of answers to all the questions I have while I’m looking at monkeys…
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities.
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In today’s post we are going to talk about a new project we started this month. In this new project we are looking for dusky titi monkeys (Plecturocebus ornatus) along the eastern limit of their distribution. As we had mention in several post and pages in this website, dusky titi monkeys (Plecturocebus ornatus) is an endemic primate mostly distributed in Meta department and a small part of Cundinamarca, around Medina town. However their distribution limits in the East are poorly known and seems to be delimited by Upia and Meta rivers.
So this new project is focused in surveys done on both sides of Upia and Meta rivers. We started by doing sampling in both sides of Upia river near to Villanueva and Barranca de Upia towns.
Why close to towns? Well when you start a new project in a new area, you start close to places where you can have accommodation and food accessible and in places where you have contacts that can give you access to forest fragments inside private lands. Thanks to our contacts with Stella Gutierrez and don Arturo Aguirre of La Bendición de San Miguel agroturistic farm, we are able to start looking for new additional points that give us a better idea where dusky titi monkeys can be found.
While looking for new places, rural roads passing close to forest fragments can be additional points to detect monkeys. This strategy can help you cover large extensions of area and help you to select possible areas with potential to answer your questions. A detailed study of maps from the potential area you are surveying is always a first step to do projects in which multiple sites are necessary.
Although I will prefer to start project involving multiple sites during dry season, our changing rain patterns make those decisions difficult and in areas with relatively short dry season, such as Orinoquia region, we usually start any time of the year. But why is better to start in dry season? Well multiple sites usually means less time in each site and if it rains too much you can loose lots of time due to rain and you field schedule suffer. Logistics become more complicated and costs increases.
Sometimes those are some considerations not always taken in account while planning a project that can make your fieldwork stressful if you are not flexible enough to understand that weather is not something you can control. Fortunately for us weather has been helpful and rain didn’t stop us to make our surveys.
We already done surveys in one side of the river and get some data, lets hope surveys in the other side give us even more interesting data to clarify the distribution limits of our endemic dusky titi monkey or Mono Zocay as they are know by locals in Spanish.
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities.
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Today’s post is a guest post by Jose Manuel Vásquez Rey, a senior highschool student from Villavicencio who has been observing one of the Colombian squirrel monkey’s groups living inside Villavicencio city.
Lately, I have been working with the diet of new world primates, specifically with the Colombian Squirrel Monkey -S. cassiquiarensis albigena- and you could be asking yourself, what is a 17-year-old researching about such a specific topic? Well, that is exactly what I’m going to explain in this entry.
Ecology has always been my passion, since the first grades of school the Colombian Llanos ecosystems caught my attention due to the multiple endemic species that could be found, as a consequence of how near this context is to me and how I can appreciate the fauna inside Villavicencio. That’s why in high school I decided to focus my graduation project on the squirrel monkey. Additionally, in the past few years the presence of them inside the urbanization increased (at least by sights) as a result of the lack of transition between the gallery forests and constructions; besides that, news about roadkills and electrocution in S. cassiquiarensis albigena were becoming more frequent.
What I just mentioned lead me to make an approach of historic researching in this specie, to understand how the exponential growth of Villavicencio in the last 30 years is affecting them, nevertheless studies about them in this city are really uncommon so the data is nonexisting and the interviews with citizens to collect it would not be enough, considering that people in urban areas does not focus too much on animals because of the constant hurry.
At that moment, I found myself with a really confusing path (taking into account that is my first time deepening in biological studies) and had to search for aid with Xyomara, who helped me to focus the project to something feasible, so on we decided to center the attention in a monkeys feeding point, knowing that giving banana to this specie is a really common activity between locals and tourists, and how this activity affects the behavior and patterns of diet on them, something that is actually leading me to obtain interesting results.
Now, I want to reflect about the observation, and I can assure you that it requires patience and dedication. The period of study in my case was approximately 2 months and a half, going there 2 hours daily between 4 to 5 days a week, so it was hard after school. At first, it was a challenge, differentiating monkeys and what they were eating and doing was kind of difficult. But with time, I improved my abilities and understand their behaviour, taking into account external factors (like sound, cars, dogs, etc.) and acknowledge patterns, as well as some specific traits to differentiate them (wounds, scars and lack of tail) and it was satisfactory to feel how they familiarized with my presence in a short period. This left me with multiple experiences that affected me deeper than just a school project. Seeing and providing help to a youth squirrel monkey that suffered electrocution led me to grasp the cables as a danger, by how they use them to move and hoe infants and juveniles bite them. Besides that, there were curious injuries in some monkeys, that seemed like infected tissue in the tail, this would be interesting to evaluate to know the cause and if it can impact the group as a whole.
In conclusion, after observation, Squirrel monkeys took a part of my heart and my concern, seeing how normalized people have to feed monkeys and treat them like an attraction has to be stopped knowing how their food -at least in my hours and location of sight- is in a big proportion banana, that is clearly don’t part of their diet and can potentially affect them.
Jose’s observations has highlighted the importance of observing monkeys inside cities to better understand threats faced by these populations inside urban areas that are not always so evident. Solutions to problems like feeding wildlife require behavioral changes that usually involve economic alternatives to people living around them and usually using them as a tourist attraction. As well as education campaigns in the surrounding areas.
On the other hand, reducing electrocution will involve coordination with electricity companies and environmental authorities that are more complex to achieve.
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities
© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website. Thank you. This post have pictures from José Manuel Vasquez Rey, pictures only can be used with his permission.

As we mentioned before Zocay Project is doing new collaborations and reinforcing some of its field areas of study. As part of our new collaborations, we visit Zocay Land (Tierra del Zocay) a series of community owned sites that through nature tourism are trying to reduce deforestation and protect forest remnants where dusky titi monkeys (Plecturocebus ornatus) lives.
Despite of how deforested the whole area is, mainly because cattle ranching and agriculture, especially in the past decades, there are still some forest remnants close to Macarena mountain range. However, if deforestation rates continues as in the past two years it is possible that dusky titi monkeys can disappear despite their resilience and adaptation to live in secondary forest.
Zocay Land (Tierra del Zocay) is not only an alternative to wonderful people strongly hit by violence that are changing their ways of life but also an opportunity for the biodiversity in the region.
This region is particularly important because it is close to two National Parks, Tinigua and Serranía de la Macarena, which are the only two National Parks in which dusky titi monkeys can be found.
For me this visit was full of memories of my beginnings studying monkeys at Tinigua National Park and a gift because I was able to see spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) after a decade.

Walks were easy and we were fortunate to have sunny days all the time. There are beautiful cascades and rivers to see in the area (although we didn’t visit any cascades, we will try in our next visit). Forest in la Corcovada farm and Santo Domingo are in a good conservation state. Beautiful murals with monkey’s paintings and a delicious chocolate are found in la pielroja farm and comfortable loggings at Palmarum Lodge and la corcovada farm will give you incredible resting nights
So if you love nature tourism visit Zocay Land (Tierra del Zocay) and support local communities to protect dudky titi monkeys habitat for future generations: @cesarangeltrips, @finca.lapielroja, @palmarumlodge, @lacorcovada
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities
© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website. Thank you. This post have pictures from Cesar Angel, please contact him to use his pictures.

In today’s post, we are going to talk about what you need when you are looking for new places and new topics of research? Unfortunately, this is something we not always learn during our studies at the university, but for those who want to dedicate their life to research it is necessary.
Over the past weeks we started our logistic arrangements to start new research topics and new field sites. This search implies a series of logistic tasks, searching for new funding opportunities as well as talks and readings about those new topics in which we want to expand our research and understanding of how primates survive in fragmented landscapes.
Although we still continue doing research, specially collecting demographic data on primate populations in San Martin and Villavicencio. We are expanding our sampling to cover new areas of importance for the endemic primates of Colombian Llanos.
In a country like Colombia, finding new places for research implies a careful search of places where monkeys are present, but also places where we can do research without social unrest and basic conditions for logging, transport and food.
New topics also implies careful reading of methodologies and research done on those topics, as well as talking with people who knows more about those topics than yourself.
Depending on the topics it also implies careful review of current and old maps. Contact local people to find out how to arrange for each field trip needs and to find better places to find what we are looking for. And looking for funding to cover those field trips. Sometimes when we do our undergrad thesis, all those previous steps are already done and we don’t appreciate what it implies to have all that logistics and funding done. So next time appreciate that effort and try to involve yourself on those previous steps
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities
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This May 22nd we celebrate the Biodiversity Day! As most of the environmental celebration days, these special days are to celebrate and raise awareness to a specific topic. Biodiversity or diversity of life is one of the most important topics currently due to the massive loss of species the world is looking at the moment.
In today’s post we are going to talk about how this year Project Zocay is celebrating this day. We are doing different activities not only during May but also in June to celebrate this special day.
Past May 20th we started our celebrations participating in an International Campaign to vaccinate domestic dogs in areas where wild cats (ocelots, jaguars, and cougars live) lives in close proximity with domestic dogs and humans in fragmented landscapes as the one in which Zocay Project works.
We also started a series of talks in Villavicencio, San Martín and Vista Hermosa where we are going to talk about primates, their importance and some of the threats they are facing to survive in fragmented areas.
Additionally, we continue with our monitoring of primate populations in San Martin are as well as Villanueva, Casanare in May, and June, respectively to continue learning how these fantastic creatures survive despite of all the human activities around them. We observed several giant ant eaters roaming in pastures near to natural lagoons, night monkeys resting in some hollow tree nests, squirrel monkeys in small forest and Mauritia swamps and some scarlet ibis resting in a solitary tree in the middle of the pasture.
In the following weeks, we also continue monitoring the squirrel monkeys living in small fragments inside Villavicencio city, facing challenges to survive in a cement jungle.
But how anyone can celebrate biodiversity every day, by taking care of our pets and not letting dogs and cats roam freely, so they cannot hunt birds, small mammals, and reptiles. Taking care of the use we give to the water we consume, planting flowers to feed bees and hummingbirds, reforesting bare areas as much as we can in places near to water sources, implementing sustainable practices in agriculture and cattle ranching if that is our main productive activity, reducing and recycling, and raising awareness through photography, painting and other artistic forms that can increase people knowledge of our biodiversity and its importance.
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities
© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website. Thank you.

In recent weeks some people, locals from the study area, and colleagues had been asking what we do at Zocay Project. So, today’s post is about our activities and projects.
From the beginning the purpose of Zocay Project (Proyecto Zocay in Spanish) has been to monitor primate populations in forest fragments of different sizes, around San Martin town in Colombian Llanos. At the same time and during several years, with help from students and volunteers we also collected behavioral and ecological data focusing on mainly on movements, diet and individual relationships of four of the five species of primates found in the study area (see some of our findings and lessons learned in some or our past posts). Additionally, and in different years, we have support landowners initiatives of reforestation in fences and swamp areas with native species used by monkeys in the area. We have also make environmental education activities mainly with kids in farms and in San Martin town.
More recently, we initiated a camera trap project (in August of past year) to monitor wildlife use of natural and artificial water sources (see post from March 3rd, 2023 here). This project has helped us to also monitor the presence of feral dogs in the area and make possible our collaboration with Onca Foundation (a Colombian NGO) not only for this camera trap project but also a campaign of farm’s dog vaccinations that will be done in May 20th, as part of an international campaign with Onca Foundation and their partners as a prevention measure to reduce disease transmissions between domestic dogs and wild felids and canids.
In recent years we also expanded our activities and collaborations with local organizations in Cumaral town (Cumaral Biodiversa, Terra Viva Foundation and El Silencio farm) to study nocturnal monkey’s populations and nesting sites in this area. And Villavicencio city (William Barrios Fundation and SUSA research group from Universidad de los Llanos, a regional university) to study nocturnal and dusky titi monkeys in forest fragments in the urban and rural area of this city. In Villavicencio we also started a monitoring of squirrel monkeys groups living in remnant forest fragments inside the city, with help of citizen science and direct group counts.
We also had expanded our sampling to Villanueva town, limits of dusty titi monkey (zocay) in search of clarifications of their distribution area. We started monkey’s groups monitoring around this town with help of local people.
Finally, we are collaborating with the local environmental authority to support and participate in some activities coordinated by them in terms of environmental education in San Martin, with participation of the municipality, and fauna accidents in Villavicencio city.
So, although most of our focus and activities are concentrated in San Martin we had tried to include additional areas in the region that have the same monkey’s species and expand our collaborations. If you want to collaborate and/or participate and support our activities please contact us at xcarretero@gmail.com
If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with as at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities
© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website. Thank you.