In today’s post we have some news from our field samplings in Meta and Guahinia departments from our project about the distribution of two species of squirrel monkeys in Colombia. We continue with our samplins by land and river.

During our samplings in Meta department, several groups of the Colombian squirrel monkeys were observed. Despite the high deforestation in the buffer area North of Sierra de La Macarena national park, several species of monkeys still can be seen in this area.

However our sampling in Guainía department, still in progress, had prove to be more challenging and with some contrasting surprises. First, some incredible aquatic mammals, giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) let us see it, something not so easy. Few monkeys up to now, although we still have few more days in the field and an unexpected amount of cattle farms in an area where 28 years ago, when I first came, there was none. We still have several areas to sample and hopefully more monkeys to see in an area of contrast and incredible rock formations from the Guyana shield. Forest in this area shows the contrast of the white or black waters that runs nearby and the confluence of rivers with white and rich water versus black and poor waters is evident in the forest height and the animals you can found in each river. This samplings wouldn’t be possible without the logistic support of Fundación Biológica Aroma Verde, a local NGO who help us to organize our samplings. This project is fund by Rewild (Primate Action Fund). More news about this sampling in the following posts…

If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with us at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our ornate titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== and our new journals in Amazon https://www.amazon.com/X-Carretero/dp/B0CWD1DBJM/ref=mp_s_a_1_1? © Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website or contact xcarretero@gmail.com

In today’s post we are talking about the new project we are starting this year to review the distribution and habitat available for the Colombian squirrel monkey (Saimiri albigena) and its limits with the Humboldt’s squirrel monkeys (Saimiri cassiquiarensis). Colombian squirrel monkeys is a Vulnerable species that live in large groups with several females, males, juveniles and babies. In this new project we are recording locations of the two squirrel monkey’s species in mostly all the departments in which Colombian squirrel monkeys live, except by Arauca department.

Our first sampling was in Casanare department, where road census takes us to new areas, sees interesting landscapes and we discover new things. Red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) give us surprises as they have small babies, and squirrel monkeys give us new data. New areas are always exciting as we discover new possibilities. It’s also a challenging project where new threats appear and very long sampling hours in the sun and rain.

Despite the long hours, fieldwork is always rewarding and gives me more questions than answers, which is what I love about science. Science is about curiosity and asking questions about the things and patterns we saw, and fieldwork never disappoint me on that…so for now more questions are arising and hopefully some answers in the process.

We also had the opportunity to meet incredible people from a private reserve “La Reserva” in Barranca de Upia, where howler monkeys and squirrel monkeys allow us to see them and black-capped capuchins just let us hear them. A reserve with an incredible process of natural regeneration that is starting to attract birds and monkeys and giving them more need it habitat.

We continue with our monitoring of squirrel monkeys in Villavicencio as we see babies born this year to grow up…and we had the opportunity to present our work in a local forum organized by a local NGO where several organizations share their results with a general public, including school students.

If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with us at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our ornate titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== and our new journals in Amazon https://www.amazon.com/X-Carretero/dp/B0CWD1DBJM/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website or contact xcarretero@gmail.com

In today’s post we are talking about some news about the field. After our participation on the International Primatological Conference in Madagascar where we present our results about the distribution of the Ornate Titi Monkeys (Plecturocebus ornatus), we get back to the field, to our long-term monitoring of monkeys in forest fragments.

During the conference I was reminded of the climate change effects on forest fragments, especially the small and narrow ones. In some of the International Panel of Climate Change predictions (IPCC), the northwest part of South America, where Colombia is located will increase temperatures. This means that for primates living in fragmented areas that have isolated populations like some of the populations of the endemic Ornate Titi Monkey will be more at risk.

I mention this because while I was in the field after the conference, I observed more fallen trees than in past months as well as a more open canopy in some part of the long-term monitoring forest fragments I had been visiting over the past 21 years. Talking with the farm workers, they mention strong storms in the area, common at this time of the year, but that seems to have an increased effect this time. Although over the years we have observed storms and times in which management actions on the farm have affected the internal structure of the forest, changes in weather patterns seem to be more evident now and sometimes even stronger than in past years.These changes produce more edge effects that have positive and negative effects on monkeys, depending on the monkey’s species. And it also makes me think about the long-term benefits of some of the landscape structures such as living fences and lineal forest strips that we promote to connect forest fragments in highly fragmented landscapes. How can we improve them? What is the minimal width we should be using? More questions to answer for the following years so we can better understand how to help our monkeys to survive in fragmented landscapes…

Español: De vuelta en el campo: los efectos del viento y las tormentas en fragmentos

En el blog de hoy vamos a hablar acerca de algunas noticias de nuestro campo. Después de nuestra participación en el Congreso Internacional de Primatología en Madagascar donde presentamos nuestro trabajo sobre la distribución del Mono Zocay (Plecturocebus ornatus), volvimos al campo, a nuestro monitoreo de monos en fragmentos de bosque.

Durante la conferencia me recordaron sobre los efectos del cambio climático sobre los fragmentos de bosque, especialmente los fragmentos pequeños y delgados. En algunas de las predicciones del Panel Internacional de Cambio Climático (IPCC), el Noroeste de Sur América, donde está ubicada Colombia las temperaturas se incrementarán. Esto significa que para los monos viviendo en áreas fragmentadas que tienen poblaciones aisladas como algunas de las poblaciones del endémico mono zocay que estarían más en riesgo.

Menciono esto porque mientras estuve en el campo después de la conferencia, observe más árboles caídos que en los meses anteriores, así como más discontinuidad en la parte alta del dosel del bosque en algunas partes de los fragmentos de bosque de monitoreo de largo plazo que he estado visitando a lo largo de los últimos 21 años. Hablando con algunos de los trabajadores, ellos mencionaron tormentas fuertes en el área, comunes durante esta época del año, pero que parece han incrementado su efecto esta vez. Aunque a lo largo de los años hemos observado tormentas y a veces las acciones de manejo de la finca han afectado la estructura interna del bosque, los cambios en los patrones del clima parecen ser más evidentes ahora y algunas veces más fuertes que en los años anteriores. Estos cambios producen más efectos de borde que tienen efectos positivos y negativos sobre los monos, dependiendo de la especie de mono. Y esto también me hace pensar acerca de los beneficios a largo plazo de las estructuras de paisaje como cercas vivas y franjas lineales de bosque que promovemos para conectar fragmentos de bosque en paisajes altamente fragmentados. ¿Cómo las Podemos mejorar? ¿Cuál es el ancho mínimo que deberíamos usar? Más preguntas para responder en los años siguientes de forma que podamos entender mejor cómo ayudar a nuestros monos a sobrevivir en paisajes fragmentados…

If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with us at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our ornate titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== and our new journals in Amazon https://www.amazon.com/X-Carretero/dp/B0CWD1DBJM/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website or contact xcarretero@gmail.com

In today’s post, I want to take this opportunity to celebrate 30 years of my primatological journey. On July 19^th, 1995, I have the opportunity to start a small project on red howler monkey’s baby behavior. This was the first time I followed monkeys, and it was the beginning of my primatological journey. Red howler monkeys open an incredible world of learning to me. I started this adventure with two wonderful friends, one who didn’t continue in a primatology path but became a great biologist, Gustavo Galindo, and another incredible primatologist, Dr. Carolina Gomez.

In my first day with my study group of red howler monkeys, the day started with an incredible encounter. It was also the day I first met a jaguar, a close encounter that not only was magical but also marked my life forever. Jaguars had an incredible way of looking at you that not only see you but also see your soul and connect you with nature and yourself in ways that it’s difficult to express with words. After this encounter I followed my way to the group of howlers that showed me the incredible journey of baby’s growth and mother behavior.

From 1995 onwards my primatological journey took me to many places and I had the opportunity to work with many species, each as unique as the previous one. From red howler monkeys, mantled howler monkeys, Colombian squirrel monkeys, ornate titi monkeys, Japanese macaques, saki monkeys and nocturnal monkeys, my primatology research had included behavior, ecology, landscape ecology and conservation. I had been lucky enough to work with great primatologists such as Dr. Izawa, Dr. Nishimura, Dr. Defler and so many other primatologists, ecologists, landscape ecologists and modelers who had taught me and shared incredible knowledge and experiences with me over the years. I’m very grateful to all of them. I also had the opportunity to share experiences with so many great students and researchers, in many places around the world. This is a journey that I hope continue in the following years as I continue following and studying monkeys in Colombia.

If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with us at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our ornate titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== and our new journals in Amazon https://www.amazon.com/X-Carretero/dp/B0CWD1DBJM/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?

© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website or contact xcarretero@gmail.com

In today’s post, we continue with our series of articles based on information we had been collecting in the study area over the past 21 years. We are going to talk about a chapter in which we use data of Colombian squirrel monkey (Saimiri albigena) from my undergraduate thesis in Tinigua National Park, a continuous forest and my master thesis in Zocay Project study area, a fragmented area. In this chapter we compare the territory size, time spent on each activity and items consumed (i.e. arthropods, fruits, flowers and leaves consumed) of two groups of these monkeys, one in each site. Additionally occasional observations of other groups of Colombian squirrel monkeys were count in both areas and these counts were used to compared group sizes in both areas.

This chapter shows that groups in both areas consumed fruits and flowers of different plant species, however both groups consumed a similar number of arthropods (i.e. insects and spiders), fruits and flowers. In the continuous area Colombian squirrel monkeys also consume a small proportion of leaves that were not consumed in the fragmented area. In terms of the time spent by both groups feeding, the group in Zocay Project area (fragmented area) spent more time in this activity compared with the group in Tinigua (continuous area). Territory size and groups size was smaller in the fragmented area, while the distance they move every day was higher in the fragmented area compared to the continuous area. Time spent resting was lower in the fragmented area, while time spent moving is higher. Therefore, Colombian squirrel monkey’s strategy is to spend more time feeding, increasing the number of plant species of which they consumed fruits near to forest fragment edges and living fences. Living fences increase the space where they can find food.

Español: Otro capítulo sobre cómo los monos titis viven en zonas fragmentadas

En el blog de hoy continuamos con nuestra serie de artículos basados en información que hemos colectado en el área de estudio en los últimos 21 años. Vamos a hablar de un capítulo en el cual usamos datos de monos titis (Saimiri albigena) de mi tesis de pregrado en el parque nacional Tinigua, un bosque continuo y mi tesis de maestría en la zona de estudio del Proyecto Zocay, un área fragmentada. En este capítulo comparamos el tamaño del territorio, tiempo dedicado en cada actividad y los ítems consumidos (es decir, artrópodos, frutos, flores y hojas consumidas) de dos grupos de estos monos, uno en cada sitio. Además, las observaciones ocasionales de otros grupos de monos titis fueron contados en ambas áreas y estos conteos fueron usados para comparar los tamaños de los grupos en ambas áreas.

Este capítulo muestra que los grupos en ambas áreas consumieron frutos y flores de diferentes especies de plantas, sin embargo, ambos grupos consumieron un número similar de artrópodos (es decir insectos y arañas), frutos y flores. En el área continua, los monos titis también consumen una pequeña proporción de hojas que no son consumidas en el área fragmentada. En términos del tiempo empleado por ambos grupos alimentándose, el grupo en el área del Proyecto Zocay (área fragmentada) paso más tiempo en esta actividad comparado con el grupo de Tinigua (área continua). El tamaño del territorio y tamaño de los grupos es más pequeño en el área fragmentada, mientras que la distancia que los monos se mueven diariamente es mayor en el área fragmentada comparado con el área continua. El tiempo dedicado a descansar fue más corto en el área fragmentada, mientras que el tiempo gastado en moverse es mayor. Por lo tanto, la estrategia de los monos titis es pasar más tiempo comiendo, aumentando el número de especies de plantas de las cuales consumen frutos cerca de los bordes de los fragmentos y en las cercas vivas. Las cercas vivas aumentan el espacio donde pueden encontrar comida.

If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with us at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our ornate titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== and our new journals in Amazon https://www.amazon.com/X-Carretero/dp/B0CWD1DBJM/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website or contact xcarretero@gmail.com

In today’s post, we continue with our series of articles based on information we had been collecting in the study area over the past 21 years. We are going to talk about an article product of my doctorate thesis and probably one of the best papers I have ever written. This paper was written under the supervision of two great landscape ecologists, Dr. Jonathan Rhodes and Dr. Clive McAlpine, and the supervision of Dr. Thomas Defler, a primatologist.

This paper focuses on four species of diurnal monkeys that live in Zocay Project study area: red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus), black-capped capuchin (Sapajus apella), Colombian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri albigena) and ornate titi monkeys (Plecturocebus ornatus). The last two are endemic and are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN criteria. These criteria evaluate the risk of extinction for each species. The most important result of this paper is that for each species, variables affect these monkeys at different scales. This means that we need to consider the size of the landscape surrounding a specific forest fragment for each species, because it is not the same landscape size for all the species. For example, the landscape size for ornate titi monkeys (Plecturocebus ornatus) and black-capped capuchins (Sapajus apella) cover a 1000 m ratio around a specific forest fragment. In the case of Colombian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri albigena) and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus), the landscape size is measure with a 500 m of ratio around a specific forest fragment.

Additionally, site-variables or variables related to structure and resource availability inside forest fragments are also important for monkey’s presence and abundance. For example, for monkey species such as Colombian squirrel monkeys and ornate titi monkeys resource availability variables such as number of trees with fruits is important for their presence and abundance. On the other hand, medium and large monkey species presence and abundance, such as red howler monkeys and black-capped capuchins, are influenced by variables related to forest structure such as canopy height. The importance of knowing how these variables at site and landscape-scale influence monkeys species presence and abundance is important when planning management and conservation actions in fragmented areas, improving the impact of any strategy that we implement. Therefore, if we want to conserve all the species in the study area we will need to look at landscape sizes measured at a ratio of 500 – 1000 m around a forest fragment and consider an increase of the amount of forest present in that landscape, while increasing native fruit availability inside the forest fragments present, paying special attention to species that produce fruits consumed by the monkey and with higher canopy height that provide good structural support (i.e. big trees).

Español: Un artículo explicando porqué necesitamos mirar adentro y afuera de los fragmentos de bosque para manejar mejor a las especies de monos en los Llanos Colombianos

En el blog de hoy continuamos con nuestra serie de artículos basados en información que hemos colectado en el área de estudio en los últimos 21 años. Vamos a hablar de un artículo producto de mi tesis de doctorado y probablemente uno de los mejores artículos que he escrito. Este artículo fue escrito bajo la supervisión de dos grandes ecólogos de paisaje, Dr. Jonathan Rhodes y Dr. Clive McAlpine, y la supervisión del Dr. Thomas Defler, un primatólogo.Este artículo se enfoca en cuatro especies diurnas de monos que viven en el área de estudio del Proyecto Zocay: monos aulladores (Alouatta seniculus), monos maiceros (Sapajus apella), monos titis o frailes (Saimiri albigena) y monos zocay (Plecturocebus ornatus). Los últimos dos son endémicos, es decir exclusivos de Colombia y del Llano y son clasificados como Vulnerable bajo los criterios de la IUCN. Estos criterios evalúan el riesgo de extinción para cada especie. Los resultados más importantes de este artículo es que para cada especie, las variables afectan estos monos a diferentes escalas. Esto significa que necesitamos considerar el tamaño del paisaje alrededor de un fragmento de bosque específico porque no es el mismo tamaño de paisaje para todas las especies. Por ejemplo, el tamaño del paisaje para el mono zocay (Plecturocebus ornatus) y de los monos maiceros (Sapajus apella) cubre un radio de 1000 m alrededor de un fragmento de bosque específico. En el caso de los monos titis (Saimiri albigena) y monos aulladores (Alouatta seniculus), el tamaño del paisaje es medido con un radio de 500 m alrededor de un fragmento de bosque específico.

Adicionalmente, variables a la escala de sitio o variables relacionadas con la disponibilidad de recursos o estructura dentro del bosque también son importantes para la presencia y abundancia de los monos. Por ejemplo, para las especies de monos como los titis y zocay, las variables relacionadas con la disponibilidad de los recursos tal como el número de árboles con frutos es importante para la presencia y abundancia de estos monos. Por otro lado, para la presencia y abundancia de especies de monos medianas y grandes, tales como los monos aulladores y maiceros, están influenciados por variables relacionadas con la estructura del bosque tales como la altura del dosel del bosque. La importancia de conocer cómo estas variables a escala de sitio y de paisaje influyen en la presencia y abundancia de las especies de monos es importante cuando se planean acciones de manejo y conservación en áreas fragmentadas, mejorando el impacto de cualquier estrategia que implementemos.

Por lo tanto, si queremos conservar todas las especies en el área de estudio necesitaremos mirar paisajes medidos en un radio de 500 – 1000 m alrededor del fragmentos de bosque y considerar un incremento de la cantidad de bosque presente en ese paisaje, mientras se incrementa la disponibilidad de frutos nativos dentro del bosque, poniendo atención especial a especies que produzcan frutos consumidos por los monos y con una árboles altos de dosel que proporcionen buena estructura de soporte, es decir árboles grandes.

If you want to support our activities, please visit https://fineartamerica.com/art/xyomara+carretero or get in contact with us at xcarretero@gmail.com if you want to collaborate, donate or volunteer in our activities. You can also support our activities by buying our ornate titi monkeys stuff dolls https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctm_sEORvk8/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== and our new journals in Amazon https://www.amazon.com/X-Carretero/dp/B0CWD1DBJM/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?© Copyright Disclaimer. All pictures used on this web page are protected with copyrights to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón. If you want to use any of these pictures, please leave a message on the website or contact xcarretero@gmail.com